如何解决ld：在dmlc中找不到架构x86_64的符号
我想阅读Xgboost源代码并在Mac上运行`parameter.cc。这是我的命令：
cd dmlc-core/example
gcc -std=c++11 -I ../include parameter.cc -o parameter -v
但是它会引发异常ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64。
有人知道如何解决它吗？谢谢，谢谢！
下面是堆栈跟踪，由于问题正文长度的限制，我省略了堆栈跟踪的某些部分。
Apple LLVM version 10.0.1 (clang-1001.0.46.4)
Target: x86_64-apple-darwin18.7.0
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin
"/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/clang" -cc1 -triple x86_64-apple-macosx10.14.0 -Wdeprecated-objc-isa-usage -Werror=deprecated-objc-isa-usage -emit-obj -mrelax-all -disable-free -disable-llvm-verifier -discard-value-names -main-file-name parameter.cc -mrelocation-model pic -pic-level 2 -mthread-model posix -mdisable-fp-elim -fno-strict-return -masm-verbose -munwind-tables -target-sdk-version=10.14 -target-cpu penryn -dwarf-column-info -debugger-tuning=lldb -target-linker-version 450.3 -v -resource-dir /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/lib/clang/10.0.1 -isysroot /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk -I ../include -I/usr/local/include -stdlib=libc++ -Wno-atomic-implicit-seq-cst -Wno-framework-include-private-from-public -Wno-atimport-in-framework-header -Wno-quoted-include-in-framework-header -std=c++11 -fdeprecated-macro -fdebug-compilation-dir /Users/songwei/machineLearning/xgboost/dmlc-core/example -ferror-limit 19 -fmessage-length 172 -stack-protector 1 -fblocks -fencode-extended-block-signature -fregister-global-dtors-with-atexit -fobjc-runtime=macosx-10.14.0 -fcxx-exceptions -fexceptions -fmax-type-align=16 -fdiagnostics-show-option -fcolor-diagnostics -o /var/folders/tr/lf3tt17j553b8r552_j5nx080000gp/T/parameter-b66ec3.o -x c++ parameter.cc
clang -cc1 version 10.0.1 (clang-1001.0.46.4) default target x86_64-apple-darwin18.7.0
ignoring nonexistent directory "/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/local/include"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/Library/Frameworks"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
../include
/usr/local/include
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/include/c++/v1
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/lib/clang/10.0.1/include
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/include
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/usr/include
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks (framework directory)
End of search list.
"/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/ld" -demangle -lto_library /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/lib/libLTO.dylib -no_deduplicate -dynamic -arch x86_64 -macosx_version_min 10.14.0 -syslibroot /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk -o parameter /var/folders/tr/lf3tt17j553b8r552_j5nx080000gp/T/parameter-b66ec3.o -L/usr/local/lib -lSystem /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/lib/clang/10.0.1/lib/darwin/libclang_rt.osx.a
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
"std::runtime_error::what() const",referenced from:
vtable for dmlc::ParamError in parameter-b66ec3.o
vtable for dmlc::Error in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::__vector_base_common<true>::__throw_length_error() const",referenced from:
std::__1::vector<void*,std::__1::allocator<void*> >::__vallocate(unsigned long) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::vector<dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry*,std::__1::allocator<dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry*> >::__recommend(unsigned long) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::vector<std::__1::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::char_traits<char>,std::__1::allocator<char> >,std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > >,std::__1::allocator<std::__1::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > > > >::__recommend(unsigned long) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::__basic_string_common<true>::__throw_length_error() const",referenced from:
std::__1::enable_if<__is_forward_iterator<char*>::value,void>::type std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::__init<char*>(char*,char*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::__basic_string_common<true>::__throw_out_of_range() const",referenced from:
std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::basic_string(std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&,unsigned long,std::__1::allocator<char> const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::locale::use_facet(std::__1::locale::id&) const",referenced from:
std::__1::ctype<char> const& std::__1::use_facet<std::__1::ctype<char> >(std::__1::locale const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::ios_base::getloc() const",referenced from:
std::__1::basic_ios<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::widen(char) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::basic_istream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::operator>><char,std::__1::allocator<char> >(std::__1::basic_istream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >&,std::__1::allocator<char> >&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::logic_error::logic_error(char const*)",referenced from:
std::length_error::length_error(char const*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::out_of_range::out_of_range(char const*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::invalid_argument::invalid_argument(char const*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::length_error::~length_error()",referenced from:
std::__1::__throw_length_error(char const*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::out_of_range::~out_of_range()",referenced from:
std::__1::map<int,std::__1::less<int>,std::__1::allocator<std::__1::pair<int const,std::__1::allocator<char> > > > >::at(int const&) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::stof(std::__1::basic_string<char,unsigned long*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::runtime_error::runtime_error(std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&)",referenced from:
dmlc::Error::Error(std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::runtime_error::~runtime_error()",referenced from:
dmlc::Error::~Error() in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::invalid_argument::~invalid_argument()",referenced from:
dmlc::stof(std::__1::basic_string<char,unsigned long*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::__init(char const*,unsigned long)",std::__1::allocator<char> >::basic_string<std::nullptr_t>(char const*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::__init(unsigned long,char)",std::__1::allocator<char> >::basic_string(unsigned long,char) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::assign(char const*)",std::__1::allocator<char> >::operator=(char const*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::resize(unsigned long,std::__1::allocator<char> >::resize(unsigned long) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::push_back(char)",referenced from:
std::__1::basic_stringbuf<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::overflow(int) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::basic_istream<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_string<char,referenced from:
dmlc::LogCheckError::LogCheckError(std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const,dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry*>::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,0ul>(std::__1::piecewise_construct_t,std::__1::tuple<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&>&,std::__1::tuple<>&,std::__1::__tuple_indices<0ul>,std::__1::__tuple_indices<>) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,int>::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::__tuple_indices<>) in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > >::Same(void*,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > >::GetStringValue(void*) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > >::PrintDefaultValueString(std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >&) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > >::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,false>(std::__1::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > > const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
...
"std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> const&)",referenced from:
dmlc::Demangle(char const*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::substr(unsigned long,unsigned long) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::~basic_string()",referenced from:
MyParam::__MANAGER__() in parameter-b66ec3.o
_main in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::ParamManager::~ParamManager() in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry*>::~pair() in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::pair<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > >::~pair() in parameter-b66ec3.o
MyParam::~MyParam() in parameter-b66ec3.o
MyParam::__DECLARE__(dmlc::parameter::ParamManagerSingleton<MyParam>*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
...
"std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::operator=(std::__1::basic_string<char,referenced from:
dmlc::parameter::ParamManager::set_name(std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>,int>::describe(std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<float>,float>::describe(std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>::add_enum(std::__1::basic_string<char,int) in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > >::set_default(std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > >::describe(std::__1::basic_string<char,int>::Init(std::__1::basic_string<char,void*,int&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
...
"std::__1::basic_istream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::get()",referenced from:
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>,int>::Set(void*,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<float>,float>::Set(void*,std::__1::allocator<char> > >::Set(void*,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_istream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::sentry::sentry(std::__1::basic_istream<char,bool)",referenced from:
std::__1::basic_istream<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_istream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::~basic_istream()",referenced from:
construction vtable for std::__1::basic_istream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >-in-std::__1::basic_istringstream<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_istream<char,referenced from:
std::__1::basic_istringstream<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::basic_istringstream(std::__1::basic_string<char,unsigned int) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::basic_istringstream<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::~basic_istringstream() in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_istream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::operator>>(float&)",referenced from:
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<float>,float>::Same(void*,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::operator>>(int&)",int>::Same(void*,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::sentry::sentry(std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >&)",referenced from:
std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >& std::__1::__put_character_sequence<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >(std::__1::basic_ostream<char,char const*,unsigned long) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::sentry::~sentry()",std::__1::char_traits<char> >::~basic_ostream()",referenced from:
construction vtable for std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >-in-std::__1::basic_ostringstream<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_ostream<char,referenced from:
std::__1::basic_ostringstream<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::basic_ostringstream(unsigned int) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::basic_ostringstream<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::~basic_ostringstream() in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(float)",referenced from:
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryNumeric<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<float>,float>::Check(void*) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<float>::PrintValue(std::__1::basic_ostream<char,float) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<float>,float>::PrintValue(std::__1::basic_ostream<char,float) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(int)",referenced from:
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>::add_enum(std::__1::basic_string<char,int) in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>::Set(void*,std::__1::allocator<char> > const&) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryNumeric<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>,int>::Check(void*) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>::PrintValue(std::__1::basic_ostream<char,int) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>,int>::PrintValue(std::__1::basic_ostream<char,int) const in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::LogMessageFatal::LogMessageFatal(char const*,int) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(unsigned int)",referenced from:
dmlc::LogCheckError dmlc::LogCheck_NE<unsigned long,unsigned int>(unsigned long const&,unsigned int const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_ostream<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(unsigned long)",unsigned int const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::StackTrace(unsigned long,unsigned long) in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::LogCheckError dmlc::LogCheck_LE<unsigned long,unsigned long>(unsigned long const&,unsigned long const&) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_streambuf<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::sync()",referenced from:
vtable for std::__1::basic_stringbuf<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_streambuf<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::imbue(std::__1::locale const&)",std::__1::char_traits<char> >::uflow()",std::__1::char_traits<char> >::setbuf(char*,long)",std::__1::char_traits<char> >::xsgetn(char*,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::xsputn(char const*,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::showmanyc()",std::__1::char_traits<char> >::basic_streambuf()",std::__1::allocator<char> >::basic_stringbuf(std::__1::basic_string<char,unsigned int) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::basic_stringbuf<char,std::__1::allocator<char> >::basic_stringbuf(unsigned int) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"std::__1::basic_streambuf<char,std::__1::char_traits<char> >::~basic_streambuf()",std::__1::allocator<char> > in parameter-b66ec3.o
"typeinfo for std::length_error",referenced from:
std::__1::__throw_length_error(char const*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
"typeinfo for std::out_of_range",unsigned long*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
GCC_except_table739 in parameter-b66ec3.o
"typeinfo for std::runtime_error",referenced from:
typeinfo for dmlc::Error in parameter-b66ec3.o
"typeinfo for std::invalid_argument",unsigned long*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
GCC_except_table739 in parameter-b66ec3.o
"vtable for __cxxabiv1::__class_type_info",referenced from:
typeinfo for dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry in parameter-b66ec3.o
NOTE: a missing vtable usually means the first non-inline virtual member function has no definition.
"vtable for __cxxabiv1::__si_class_type_info",referenced from:
typeinfo for dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryBase<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>,int> in parameter-b66ec3.o
typeinfo for dmlc::parameter::FieldEntryNumeric<dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int>,int> in parameter-b66ec3.o
typeinfo for dmlc::parameter::FieldEntry<int> in parameter-b66ec3.o
typeinfo for dmlc::Error in parameter-b66ec3.o
typeinfo for dmlc::ParamError in parameter-b66ec3.o
typeinfo for std::__1::basic_istringstream<char,std::__1::allocator<char> > in parameter-b66ec3.o
typeinfo for std::__1::basic_stringbuf<char,std::__1::allocator<char>
"___gxx_personality_v0",referenced from:
MyParam::__MANAGER__() in parameter-b66ec3.o
_main in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::Parameter<MyParam>::__DOC__() in parameter-b66ec3.o
dmlc::parameter::ParamManager::~ParamManager() in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::__tree<std::__1::__value_type<std::__1::basic_string<char,dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry*>,std::__1::__map_value_compare<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::__value_type<std::__1::basic_string<char,std::__1::less<std::__1::basic_string<char,true>,std::__1::allocator<std::__1::__value_type<std::__1::basic_string<char,dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry*> > >::destroy(std::__1::__tree_node<std::__1::__value_type<std::__1::basic_string<char,void*>*) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::allocator<std::__1::__tree_node<std::__1::__value_type<std::__1::basic_string<char,void*> >::deallocate(std::__1::__tree_node<std::__1::__value_type<std::__1::basic_string<char,void*>*,unsigned long) in parameter-b66ec3.o
std::__1::__vector_base<dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry*,std::__1::allocator<dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry*> >::__destruct_at_end(dmlc::parameter::FieldAccessEntry**) in parameter-b66ec3.o
...
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
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