关于Ubuntu/debian下软件包管理工具用法和Redhat/CentOS系列的比较

这里记录借鉴参考centos系统的管理理论，类比学习ubuntu系统的基本管理。

参考文献：SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/%20RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora

关于Ubuntu下apt的一些用法及和yum的比较
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49b1f7210102vepr.html

Ubuntu系统中apt命令的用法汇总
http://www.xitongzhijia.net/xtjc/20150109/34463.html
It is easy to apply your existing knowledge of Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Fedora to Ubuntu. The key differences between them are covered in this article.

Administrative Tasks

In Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora by default,each administrative user needs to know the root password,in addition to their own password.

In Ubuntu,each user only has one password. Users in the admin group can run command line and graphical applications with elevated privileges. Graphical admin tools prompt for this password when run,and command line tools can be run with root-privileges using sudo.

Package Management

Ubuntu has more packages available than Fedora,so you'll have a better chance of finding what you want in the repositories. As with Fedora,graphical applications will put a link into the Applications menu.

Graphical Tools

The Synaptic package Manager is an excellent tool for finding,fetching and installing packages. Press System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager to start Synaptic.

Command Line Tools

Ubuntu uses apt-get instead of yum,up2date and so on to find,download,and install packages and their dependencies.

Note that,unlike yum,apt-get is only for packages available in repositories - it cannot handle packages you have already downloaded. The dpkg command is used instead.

Table of Equivalent Commands

Below is a table of equivalent commands for package management on both Ubuntu/Debian and Red Hat/Fedora systems.

Task

	Red Hat/Fedora	Ubuntu
Adding,Removing and Upgrading Packages
Refresh list of available packages	Yum refreshes each time it's used	apt-get update
Install a package from a repository	yum install package_name	apt-get install package_name
Install a package file	yum install package.rpm rpm -i package.rpm	dpkg --install package.deb
Remove a package	rpm -e package_name	apt-get remove package_name
Remove a package with configuration files	yum remove package_name	apt-get purge package_name
Check for package upgrades	yum check-update	apt-get -s upgrade apt-get -s dist-upgrade
Upgrade packages	yum update rpm -Uvh [args]	apt-get upgrade
Upgrade the entire system	yum upgrade	apt-get dist-upgrade
Package Information
Get information about an available package	yum search package_name	apt-cache search package_name
Show available packages	yum list available	apt-cache dumpavail
List all installed packages	yum list installed rpm -qa	dpkg --list
Get information about a package	yum info package_name	apt-cache show package_name
Get information about an installed package	rpm -qi package_name	dpkg --status package_name
List files in an installed package	rpm -ql package_name	dpkg --listfiles package_name
List documentation files in an installed package	rpm -qd package_name	-
List configuration files in an installed package	rpm -qc package_name	dpkg-query --show -f '${Conffiles}\n' package_name
Show the packages a given package depends on	rpm -qR package_name	apt-cache depends
Show other packages that depend on a given package (reverse dependency)	rpm -q --whatrequires [args]	apt-cache rdepends
Package File Information
Get information about a package file	rpm -qpi package.rpm	dpkg --info package.deb
List files in a package file	rpm -qpl package.rpm	dpkg --contents package.deb
List documentation files in a package file	rpm -qpd package.rpm	-
List configuration files in a package file	rpm -qpc package.rpm	-
Extract files in a package	rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio -vid	dpkg-deb --extract package.deb dir-to-extract-to
Find package that installed a file	rpm -qf filename	dpkg --search filename
Find package that provides a particular file	yum provides filename	apt-file search filename
Misc. Packaging System Tools
Show stats about the package cache	-	apt-cache stats
Verify all installed packages	rpm -Va	debsums
Remove packages from the local cache directory	yum clean packages	apt-get clean
Remove only obsolete packages from the local cache directory	-	apt-get autoclean
Remove header files from the local cache directory (forcing a new download of same on next use)	yum clean headers	apt-file purge
General Packaging System Information
Package file extension	*.rpm	*.deb
Repository location configuration	/etc/yum.conf	/etc/apt/sources.list

Some of the information in this table was derived (with permission) from APT and RPM Packager Lookup Tables.

More technical information about Debian-style packaging can be found in Basics of the Debian package management system and the Debian New Maintainers' Guide.

Services

Services on Ubuntu are managed in a broadly similar way to those on Red Hat.

Graphical Tools

Services can be configured by clicking System -> Administration -> Services. A tool called Boot-Up Manager is also available.

Command Line Tools

Below is a table of example commands for managing services. The apache/httpd service is used as an example.

Task	Red Hat / Fedora	Ubuntu	Ubuntu (with sysv-rc-conf or sysvconfig)
Starting/stopping services immediately	service httpd start	invoke-rc.d apache start	service apache start
Enabling a service at boot	chkconfig httpd on	update-rc.d apache defaults	sysv-rc-conf apache on
Disabling a service at boot	chkconfig httpd off	update-rc.d apache purge	sysv-rc-conf apache off

Note: Whereas Red Hat and Fedora servers boot into runlevel 3 by default,Ubuntu servers default to runlevel 2.

Note: The service and invoke-rc.d commands call init scripts to do the actual work. You can also start and stop services by doing e.g. /etc/init.d/apachestart on Ubuntu,or /etc/init.d/httpdstart on Red Hat/Fedora.

Network

Graphical Tools

Fedora/RHEL have system-config-network,ubuntu pre 10.04 had gnome-nettool to edit static ip address,since 10.04 nm-connection-editor is the best choice. For Ubuntu 10.04 Studio there is only manual editing of files since NetworkMontor is not included

Command Line Tools

* ubuntu networking for basic and advanced users